Processor companies typically iterate off proven designs, and for good reason. Changing too many things at once introduces a lot of risk. A lot of changing parts makes it hard to get a good picture of overall performance, so it also makes tuning difficult.…

This article was written in March 2023. At the time of writing, the encoders we used were still in active development. As codec standards and encoders evolve, some of the information may become outdated. A Turning Point for Codecs For the longest time, MPEG…

Editor’s Note (6/14/2023): We have a new article that reevaluates the cache latency of Navi 31, so please refer to that article for some new latency data. RDNA 3 represents the third iteration of AMD’s RDNA architecture, which replaces GCN in their consumer…

In late December 2022, we published an article going over how Intel optimized Golden Cove’s vector register file to handle AVX-512 while minimizing area overhead. A few days ago, Intel published data on Sapphire Rapids. With that info, we can have a look…

In 2019, AMD moved off their long-serving GCN architecture in favor of RDNA. We’ll cover the first generation of RDNA some other time. RDNA 2 takes that foundation and scales it up while adding raytracing support and a few other enhancements. We already covered…

While AMD is most certainly planning more processors based on the Zen 4 architecture, unfortunately many of the “leaked” Geekbench 5 results that made the rounds on social media yesterday are faked. However, that doesn’t mean they deserve flak for their reporting…

It’s no secret that AMD has been slowly but surely executing on their plans to achieve leadership in all domains of computing. On both the server CPU and consumer sides, we have seen them break into the space with Zen and RDNA – two great designs that have…

AMD, Nvidia, and Intel have all diverged their GPU architectures to separately optimize for compute and graphics. While Intel and Nvidia’s compute architectures tend to be close relatives of their contemporary graphics architectures, AMD has taken a different…

Nvidia’s RTX 4090 features Nvidia’s newest architecture, named Ada Lovelace after a pioneer in early computing. Compared to their previous architecture, Ampere, Ada Lovelace enjoys a process node advantage, with a TSMC 4 nm process customized for GPUs. Nvidia…

During a presentation at Hot Chips 34, Intel detailed how their upcoming Meteor Lake processors employ chiplets. Like AMD, Intel is seeking to get the modularity and lower costs associated with using chiplets. Unlike AMD, Intel has made a different set of…

To say Tesla is merely interested in machine learning is an understatement. The electric car maker built an in-house supercomputer named Dojo, optimized for training its machine learning models. Unlike many other supercomputers, Dojo isn’t using off-the-shelf…

IBM showed off a giant 256 MB L3 during its Telum presentation at Hot Chips 2021, and ignited discussion about whether that represents the future of caches. That’s not the first time we’ve seen big caches brought up. Just a few years ago, AMD advertised Zen…

ARM’s Neoverse N1 was based on ARM’s Cortex A76 mobile core, but enhancements like instruction cache coherency and 48-bit physical addressing made it usable in servers. The result was quite successful and gave ARM a foothold in the server marketplace. Graviton…

In a previous article, we measured cache and memory latency on different GPUs. Before that, discussions on GPU performance have centered on compute and memory bandwidth. So, we’ll take a look at how cache and memory latency impact GPU performance in a graphics…

As recent events have made clear, testing is hard. Determining a CPU’s scheduler layout involves a lot of testing, making mistakes likely. I made one such mistake for Cortex A710, which led to a block diagram with incorrect scheduler capacities for the floating…

GPUs started out as devices meant purely for graphics rendering, but their highly parallel nature made them attractive for certain compute tasks too. As the GPU compute scene grew over the past couple decades, Nvidia made massive investments to capture the…

Note the publish day of this article. There will be a proper one on Terascale 3 later on, don’t worry. But for now, happy April Fools Day! Prestige is everything for computer hardware manufacturers. A few percentage points may not make or break someone’s…

In a previous article, we compared Infinity Cache latency between the RX 7900 XTX, and the smaller RX 7600. After further testing, some correction is in order. AMD’s RDNA 3 architecture uses aggressive power saving techniques. Part of this seems to involve…

Loongson used to make CPUs based off the MIPS ISA, but the company recently switched to a homegrown ISA called Loongarch. This “new” ISA retains many of MIPS’s semantics, but uses incompatible encodings. Loongarch also gets extended to better support Loongson’s…

Editor’s Note (6/14/2023): We have a new article that reevaluates the cache latency of Navi 31, so please refer to that article for some new latency data. Late last year, AMD launched high end RDNA 3 with the Radeon RX 7900 XTX and Radeon RX 7900 XT. Now…